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- CABLE TV SCRAMBLING TECHNIQUES by The Mad Phone-man
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- There are 4 major methods of pay-channel security and each has different
- consequences for cable ready receivers. The 4 systems are jamming, trapping
- out-of-band scrambling and in-band scrambling.
-
- Jamming:
- A jamming signal is placed between the picture carrier and and the aural
- carrier of the secured channels. The cable operator supplies a filter for
- each customer for each paid channel. This type of security is easily defeated
- by homemade notch filters.
-
- Trapping:
- In these systems frequency filters are installed in line with the cable
- drops on telephone poles. The traps are removed for customers paying for the
- premium channels. Cable-ready TV's work fine in these systems.
-
- Scrambling - The gated Sync Methods:
- Scrambling in the cable TV business still generaly means pulsed sync
- suppression. In its simplist form, amplitude of the picture carrier is reduced
- by 6 db during the horizontal blanking intervals and sometimes during the
- vertical blanking intervals. The resulting video signal has sync tips between
- the black and white levels. Sync seperators in the set cannot operate properly
- with this signal, nor can AGC and color circuts, so the picture is scrambled.
- The decoder compensates by antennuating the signal during the time in which
- the transmited signal was not antennuated. In order to accomplish this, the
- logic controlled gain switch must get timing information. In-band systems
- transmit pulses as amplitude modulation of aural carrier or a seperate carrier
- in out of band systems.
-
- Out of band scrambling:
- The usual setup is that the decoder is connected directly to the cable
- ahead of the channel converter. Decoding is done at the pay channel frequency.
- The decoder is likely to be in a seperate box, added to an old system to
- provide pay channels. The box consists of a simple receiver (90-120mhz) for the
- out-of-band data carrier and a broad band 6db gain switch. There is provision
- for several scrambled channels, each which has a different data carrier.
- This system is directly compatable with cable ready receivers. Without the
- cable converter, the decoder is connected to the TV. Tuning and remote features
- of the TV are preserved with the only inconvience being the need to operate the
- switch on the decoder when changing to and from any scrambled channel. Out-of-
- band systems tend to last until the operators using them rebuild to provide for
- a large increase in the number of channels.
-
- In Band Scrambling:
- In this system any number of the available channels can be scrambled.
- Because the data carrier for each scrambled channel is its own aural carrier,
- only one data receiver, at the aural carrier frequency (eg. ch 3) is required.
- The decoder detects the presence or absense of data automaticly switching
- itself in or out. The converter-decoder box can be hardwired to decode just the
- channels ordered, using a prom like device. Alternatively, the transmitted
- channels can be "tagged" by time division multiplexing binary tag (program
- identification) data with the sync data on the aural carrier. The decoder
- boxes can be wired for "tiers" (groups of programs the cable operator sells
- togeather) rather than fixed channels, giving the operator more flexibility.
- The decoder boxes can be "addressable". These boxes have a seperate out of band
- data channel for data from the head end. Each box has a serial number burned
- into its logic or otherwise available to its logic circutry, and its channel
- or tier authorization stored in volatile ram. A computer at the headend
- periodicaly addresses all decoders in the system individualy and loads each
- with the channel or tier capacity ordered by the customer. The need for house
- calls is reduced, PPV (Pay per view) is possible, and missing boxes cam be
- turned off, rendering them useless for premium channel viewing. Some but not
- all of these features can be programmed into out-of-band systems.
-
- Aside form their ability to generate sync pulses, thus foiling the scrambling
- system, cable ready TV's have presented another dificult problem for in-band
- systems. Because the decoder operates at the converted channel, a channel
- converter is required ahead of it. Wheather the TV receiver is cable-ready or
- not, it operates only at the converted channel, wasting the tuning and remote
- control features.
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